Versioned notifications for audits

https://blueprints.launchpad.net/watcher/+spec/audit-versioned-notifications-api

Following the implementation of the watcher-notifications-ovo blueprint, Watcher now has all the necessary prerequisites in order to provide versioned notifications throughout its codebase. This blueprint will focus on describing the notifications to implement in Watcher concerning the Audit object.

Problem description

As of now, there is no way for any service (Watcher included) to know when an audit has been created, modified or deleted. This prevents any form of event-based reaction which may be useful for 3rd party services or plugins.

Use Cases

As an OpenStack developer, I want to be able to listen to notifications coming from Watcher about audits.

As an OpenStack developer, I want to know what the format of the audit notifications are.

As an OpenStack developer, I want to be notified whenever:

  • an audit has been created

  • an audit has finished

As an OpenStack developer, I would also want to be notified whenever:

  • the audit starts the execution of its strategy (the strategy is triggered by the decision engine)

  • the audit finishes the execution of its strategy (the strategy has finished and produced an action plan)

As an OpenStack developer, I would also want to be notified whenever:

  • The Watcher Planner starts scheduling the solution (produced by the strategy of the audit)

  • The Watcher Planner finishes the scheduling the solution (produced by the strategy of the audit)

Proposed change

In order to implement the above use cases, many different notifications will be needed:

  • audit.create whenever an audit has been created.

  • audit.update whenever an audit has been updated. This includes all state updates including the deletion of the audit.

  • audit.delete whenever an audit has been deleted (soft).

  • audit.strategy.start whenever an audit starts.

  • audit.strategy.end whenever an audit ends.

  • audit.strategy.error whenever an audit fails.

  • audit.planner.start whenever planning of the audit solution starts.

  • audit.planner.end whenever planning of the audit solution ends.

  • audit.planner.error whenever the planning of an audit solution fails.

Moreover, we will rely on oslo.versionedobjects to version the payloads of audit-related notifications.

Here below is suggestion of notification structure for each one of the aforementioned events:

audit.create

{
  "priority": "INFO",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "PENDING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditCreatePayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.create",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.update

{
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:51:38.722986   ",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditUpdatePayload",
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "name": "dummy",
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "default": "hello",
                "type": "string",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0,
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "type": "number"
              }
            }
          },
          "updated_at": null,
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy",
          "deleted_at": null,
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z"
        },
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0"
      },
      "scope": [],
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:51:21Z",
      "uuid": "f1e0d912-afd9-4bf2-91ef-c99cd08cc1ef",
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "updated_at": null,
          "name": "dummy",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal",
          "deleted_at": null,
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z"
        },
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0"
      },
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "deleted_at": null,
      "state_update": {
        "watcher_object.name": "AuditStateUpdatePayload",
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "state": "ONGOING",
          "old_state": "PENDING"
        },
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "updated_at": null,
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT"
    },
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0"
  },
  "priority": "INFO",
  "event_type": "audit.update",
  "message_id": "697fdf55-7252-4b6c-a2c2-5b9e85f6342c"
}

audit.delete

{
  "priority": "INFO",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "DELETED",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditDeletePayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.delete",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.strategy.start

{
  "priority": "INFO",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "fault": null,
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditActionPayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.strategy.start",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.strategy.end

{
  "priority": "INFO",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "fault": null,
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditActionPayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.strategy.end",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.strategy.error

{
  "priority": "ERROR",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "fault": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "exception": "WatcherException",
          "exception_message": "TEST",
          "function_name": "test_send_audit_action_with_error",
          "module_name": "watcher.tests.notifications.test_audit_notification"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "ExceptionPayload",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0"
      },
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditActionPayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.strategy.error",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.planner.start

{
  "priority": "INFO",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "fault": null,
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditActionPayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.planner.start",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.planner.end

{
  "priority": "INFO",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "fault": null,
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditActionPayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.planner.end",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

audit.planner.error

{
  "priority": "ERROR",
  "payload": {
    "watcher_object.data": {
      "audit_type": "ONESHOT",
      "parameters": {
        "para2": "hello",
        "para1": 3.2
      },
      "state": "ONGOING",
      "updated_at": null,
      "deleted_at": null,
      "fault": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "exception": "WatcherException",
          "exception_message": "TEST",
          "function_name": "test_send_audit_action_with_error",
          "module_name": "watcher.tests.notifications.test_audit_notification"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "ExceptionPayload",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0"
      },
      "goal": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "uuid": "bc830f84-8ae3-4fc6-8bc6-e3dd15e8b49a",
          "name": "dummy",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "efficacy_specification": [],
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy goal"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "GoalPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "interval": null,
      "scope": [],
      "strategy": {
        "watcher_object.data": {
          "parameters_spec": {
            "properties": {
              "para2": {
                "type": "string",
                "default": "hello",
                "description": "string parameter example"
              },
              "para1": {
                "description": "number parameter example",
                "maximum": 10.2,
                "type": "number",
                "default": 3.2,
                "minimum": 1.0
              }
            }
          },
          "name": "dummy",
          "uuid": "75234dfe-87e3-4f11-a0e0-3c3305d86a39",
          "updated_at": null,
          "deleted_at": null,
          "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:25:35Z",
          "display_name": "Dummy strategy"
        },
        "watcher_object.name": "StrategyPayload",
        "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
        "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
      },
      "created_at": "2016-11-04T16:29:20Z",
      "uuid": "4a97b9dd-2023-43dc-b713-815bdd94d4d6"
    },
    "watcher_object.name": "AuditActionPayload",
    "watcher_object.version": "1.0",
    "watcher_object.namespace": "watcher"
  },
  "publisher_id": "infra-optim:localhost",
  "timestamp": "2016-11-04 16:31:36.264673   ",
  "event_type": "audit.planner.error",
  "message_id": "cbcf9f2c-7c53-4b4d-91ec-db49cca024b6"
}

Alternatives

Instead of using versioned objects, we can define the payload of our audit notifications without any support for versioning.

Data model impact

New versioned objects will be created although none of them are to be persisted as they will be used to structure the content of the notifications.

Here are some of the payloads to be declared:

@base.WatcherObjectRegistry.register_notification
class AuditPayload(notificationbase.NotificationPayloadBase):

    VERSION = '1.0'

    fields = {
        'uuid': fields.UUIDField(),
        'audit_type': fields.StringField(),
        'state': fields.StringField(),
        'parameters': fields.FlexibleDictField(nullable=True),
        'interval': fields.IntegerField(nullable=True),
        'goal_uuid': fields.UUIDField(),
        'strategy_uuid': fields.UUIDField(nullable=True),
        'goal': fields.ObjectField('Goal'),
        'strategy': fields.ObjectField('Strategy', nullable=True),
        'created_at': fields.DateTimeField(nullable=True),
        'updated_at': fields.DateTimeField(nullable=True),
        'deleted_at': fields.DateTimeField(nullable=True),
    }


@base.WatcherObjectRegistry.register_notification
class AuditStateUpdatePayload(notificationbase.NotificationPayloadBase):

    VERSION = '1.0'

    fields = {
        'old_state': fields.StringField(nullable=True),
        'state': fields.StringField(nullable=True),
    }


@base.WatcherObjectRegistry.register_notification
class AuditUpdatePayload(AuditPayload):

    VERSION = '1.0'

    fields = {
        'state_update': fields.ObjectField('AuditStateUpdatePayload'),
    }

REST API impact

None.

Security impact

None.

Notifications impact

This blueprint will implement the following notifications:

  • audit.create

  • audit.update

  • audit.delete

  • audit.strategy.start

  • audit.strategy.end

  • audit.strategy.error

  • audit.planner.start

  • audit.planner.end

  • audit.planner.error

Other end user impact

None.

Performance Impact

When enabled, code to send the notification will be called each time an event occurs that triggers a notification. This shouldn’t be much of a problem for Watcher itself, but the load on whatever message bus is used should be considered.

Other deployer impact

In order for the notifications to be emitted, the deployer will have to configure the notification topics using oslo.messaging. Other configuration options exposed via oslo.messaging may also be tuned.

Developer impact

Developers should adhere to proper versioning guidelines and use the notification base classes when creating/updating notifications.

Implementation

Assignee(s)

Primary assignee:

vincent-francoise

Work Items

  • Implement audit.create

  • Implement audit.update

  • Implement audit.delete

  • Implement audit.strategy.start

  • Implement audit.strategy.end

  • Implement audit.strategy.error

  • Implement audit.planner.start

  • Implement audit.planner.end

  • Implement audit.planner.error

Dependencies

Testing

These notifications will have to be tested mainly via unit testing.

Documentation Impact

A notification sample should be provided and made dynamically available in the online documentation.

The sequence diagrams in the Watcher architecture.

References

None.